[m.sub.1] and [m.sub.2] are the numbers of received GPS and BeiDou satellites whose elevation angle and
carrier-to-noise ratio are both more than certain thresholds (e.g., 35[degrees] and 30 db-Hz, resp., in this paper), respectively.
Parameter Value Carrier EIRP 80.0055 dBW Uplink free space loss 206.8463 dB Uplink
carrier-to-noise ratio 23.3591 dB Satellite EIRP 44 dBW Downlink free space loss 205.5074 dB Downlink
carrier-to-noise ratio 24.8926 dB Total satellite link 127.2986 dB (earth-satellite-earth)
carrier-to-noise ratio Satellite characteristics uplink limited Table 4.
The UFX-EbNo generator utilizes the substitution calibration method to set all of the desired
carrier-to-noise ratios. This technique eliminates the nonlinearity effects that can result from the instrument's power meter by maintaining both signal and noise at the same level at the power meter's input.
In the engineering practice is more useful to be operated with logaritmic units (dB), because calculation of the values of
carrier-to-noise ratio comes to an adding or/and odding.
In terms of satellite
carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N), the corresponding reduction is from 12.3 dB (50dB S/N) minimum to 10.3 dB (48dB S/N) typical.
This is expected since the cascaded noise increases along the path and the
carrier-to-noise ratio decreases.
With on-site applications engineers,
carrier-to-noise ratio machining and a full tool and die shop, companies can quickly produce prototypes and production parts for demanding schedules.
Built-in measurement capability includes channel power, adjacent-channel power, occupied bandwidth,
carrier-to-noise ratio and noise power.
Frequency errors can be up to [+ or -]2 kHz and minimum
carrier-to-noise ratio is 46 dB/Hz.
The generator has several user-selectable modes, including Meter, a true RMS power meter; [E.sub.b]/[N.sub.o], which sets up an accurate [E.sub.b]/[N.sub.o] based on a user-specified carrier output level, output [E.sub.b]/[N.sub.o] ratio and bit rate; and C/N, which is similar to [E.sub.b]/[N.sub.o], except a
carrier-to-noise ratio is based on carrier output level, output C/N ratio and system bandwidth.
The acceptable IMD level usually depends on the
carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) required at the receiver.
Before the final output, a controlled amount of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is added to the signal to simulate the
carrier-to-noise ratio that is desired.