F., 1968: Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and
potential vorticity. J.
The barotropic and quasi-geostrophic
potential vorticity equation without dissipation on a beta-plane in the atmospheric dynamical system is as follows:
Among them, the topographic effect has great influences on the dynamic mechanism of
potential vorticity equations (Pedlosky, 1974; Collings, 1980; Pedlosky, 1980; Treguier, 1989).
Farrell, 1991: Moist surface frontogenesis associated with interior
potential vorticity anomalies in a semigeostrophic model.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of the SLP, 850 hPa geopotential height, 850 hPa relative vorticity, and 850 hPa
potential vorticity simulated by WRF model at 1200 UTC 30 July 2008 after the TC Fung-Wong landed China.
Based on a general circulation model (GCM) study with and without sensible or latent heat as well as associated diagnostic analysis, it was found that sensible heating from the land surface and latent heating from cloud convection in the entire atmospheric column during the summer could induce a prominent center of minimum absolute
potential vorticity and anomalous
potential vorticity forcing near the tropopause within the westerly flow.
Additionally, low-level moisture [17] and upper-level
potential vorticity [20] perturbations to the initial state are shown to have a large impact on developing midlatitude cyclones.
These mechanisms include, but are not limited to, lift associated with the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), quasigeostrophic forcing,
potential vorticity anomalies, and trapped gravity waves.
The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast's Interim reanalysis dataset [20, 21] for the period from 1979 to 2016 is used for calculation of some quantities such as
potential vorticity in this study.
Methven, 2013: Diabatic processes modifying
potential vorticity in a North Atlantic cyclone.
The European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Re-Analysis Interim data (ERA-Interim), including wind field, temperature, and
potential vorticity (PV), were used in this study.