Nonspecific binding was blocked with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST) and 5% nonfat milk (dissolved with PBS) for 1 h, and the membranes were incubated overnight at 4[degrees]C with the following primary antibodies and dilutions: [beta]-actin (1: 1000) LC3 (1: 1000), Beclin 1 (1: 500), Bcl-2 (1: 1000), Bax (1:500), caspase-3 (1:500), JNK (1:1000), phospho-JNK (1: 500), and
TRAF2 (1: 1000).
AICD: Amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain APP: Amyloid precursor protein BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor CHOP: CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein C/N: Carbon to nitrogen ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase IDE: Insulin-degrading enzyme iNOS: Inducible NO synthase IRE1[alpha]: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1[alpha] JNK: c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MP[P.sup.+]: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium NeuN: Neuronal nuclei NF-[kappa]B: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells NGF: Nerve growth factor PD: Parkinson's disease proNGF: NGF precursor RNS: Reactive nitrogen species
TRAF2: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 v/v: Volume/volume.
Alitongbieke et al., "Celastrol-induced Nur77 interaction with
TRAF2 alleviates inflammation by promoting mitochondrial ubiquitination and autophagy," Molecular Cell, vol.
(76) One of these ER receptors, IRE1a, accounts for the pro-inflammatory potential of the UPR by recruiting
TRAF2 to the ER membrane and thus the activation of NF-[kappa]B and the production of IL-6.
Second, during ER stress,
TRAF2 dissociates from the complex of TRAF2/procaspase-12 located in the ER membrane; the process activates caspase-12 and recruits the IRE1/JNK/TRAF2 complex that modulates ASK1 that in turn phosphorylates JNK and induces cell apoptosis [50].
Kyriakis, "Direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MEKK1 by the Ste20p homologue GCK and the adapter protein
TRAF2," Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.
Also, IL-27 reduced the expression of proinflammatory or proosteoclastogenic genes TNF, IL-17a, and
TRAF2 in differentiating osteoclasts on days 2, 5, and 7 (Figure 2(b)).
These protection effects of herbal extracts are acting through enhancing FBX07 and decreasing
TRAF2 expression, which is probably mediated by GATA2 induction.