Among the 95 proteins are different types of splicing factors (SFs), pre-mRNA splicing factors (PRPFs), small nuclear
ribonucleoproteins (SNRNPs) and heterogeneous nuclear
ribonucleoproteins (HNRNPs).
demonstrated the efficient and localized delivery of Cas9 and Cf1
ribonucleoproteins by using gold nanoparticles conjugated to single stranded DNA for correcting genetic diseases and neurological disorders in vivo without any discernible impact [102].
Kim et al., "Genome surgery using Cas9
ribonucleoproteins for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration," Genome Research, vol.
The main pathology is the overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear
ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) C1 and C2 proteins, members of the hnRNP family, that prevent VDR-RXR heterodimer binding to VDRE (52,53).
Pontin and reptin are also involved in a lot of cellular pathways such as transcription activation and repression, DNA damage response, small nucleolar
ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) assembly, cellular transformation, metastasis, apoptosis, DNA replication, mitosis, development and URI/prefoldin complexes (9).
Cytoplasmic
ribonucleoprotein complexes containing human LINE-1 protein and RNA.
ANA: antinu-clear antibody, Anti-dsDNA: Anti-Double Stranded DNA, ANCA: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, Ab: antibody, C: complement, RNP:
ribonucleoprotein, CCP: anticyclic citrullinated peptide, ENP: extractable nuclear antibodies, RF: rheumatoid Factor, CG: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, CMV: cytomegalovirus, HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen, HCV: Hepatitis C virus.
Some of the well-characterized ITAFs are human antigen R (HuR), La autoantigen, programed cell death 4 (PDCD4), polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) protein, heterogeneous nuclear
ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), hnRNAC1/C2 upstream of NRAS (UnR), nuclear factor 45 (NF45), insulinlike growth factor 2-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), Y-box protein 1 (YB1), and poly(C) binding protein (PCBP) [20, 49, 50].
• RNP - Deliver Cas9/guide RNA
ribonucleoprotein complexes
TDRD12 in mice was also identified as a component of Piwi protein Piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (PIWI2)
ribonucleoprotein complex including small RNAs, MILI and TDRD1, although TDRD12 does not directly interact with MILI and TDRD1.