Among them are two types of spasmodic dysphonia, adductor laryngeal breathing dystonia, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, oromandibular dystonia, torticollis, facial nerve paresis with synkinesis, hyperkinetic facial lines, and cricopharyngeal spasm.
The treatment of adductor laryngeal breathing dystonia (respiratory dystonia) with botulinum toxin was described by Grillone et al in 1994, [32] This condition is characterized by a paradoxical adduction of the vocal folds during inspiration, which leads to stridor.
