Looking at the latter, it can be noted that the highest eEGR rates are applied at low speeds and medium-high loads, resulting in a maximum
BSFC reduction of 10 g/kWh, that is, about 4% (compare Figure 13b with Figure 14b).
The variation of brake specific fuel consumption (
BSFC) at different loads is shown in Figure 11.
Parameter Symbol Unit Value Range R nmi 900 Payload P # 100 Crew Cr # 5 Cruise Mach M -- 0.5 Altitude h ft 25000 Reference surface [S.sub.ref] [m.sup.2] 326.03 Total span b m 32.45 Total length l m 27.85 Aerodynamic efficiency [(L/D).sub.C] -- 19.0 (cruise) Fuel consumption
BSFC g/(kWh) 211.0 (cruise) Thermal chain efficiency [[eta].sup.th.sub.ch] -- 0.35 (cruise) Propeller efficiency [[eta].sub.p] -- 0.90 (cruise) Fuel specific energy [H.sub.f] kWh/kg 12.08 Table 2: Hybrid electric chain relevant parameters.
Nomenclature B20: Diesel+ 80%, biodiesel from WCO 20% by volume B40: Diesel+ 60%, biodiesel from WCO 40% by volume
BSFC: Brake specific fuel consumption BTE: Brake thermal efficiency CMD: Court mean diameter CN: Cetane number ULSD: Ultralow sulfur diesel WCO: Waste cooking oil.
Further, the HC, CO and smoke emissions increases with increasing antioxidant concentration whereas there is no significant variation in BTE and
BSFC [19].
Table I: The Accuracies of measurements and the Uncertainties in the calculated results Measurements Accuracy Speed [+ or -] 2 rpm Temperature [+ or -] 1oC CO [+ or -] 0.03 % CO2 [+ or -] 0.5 % NO [+ or -] 50 ppm HC [+ or -] 10 ppm Opacity [+ or -] 0.1 % Calculated Uncertainty results Brake power [+ or -] 2.50 %
BSFC [+ or -] 2.64 % Pressure [+ or -] 1 bar Table II: Properties of the Fuel and Additive * Properties No-2 Diesel CNSL Acetone Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] 2.82 29.77 0.46 Density [kg/[m.sup.3]] 840 884 791 Lower Heating Value [MJ/kg] 42.3 39.4 28.8 Cetane Number 46 54 -- Flash Point 70 157 -20 [[degrees]C] Note: * Producers data.
To take into account the effect of engine size on its maximum
bsfc, the efficiency maps of Fig.
BSFC is about 0.21 kg/kW hr for 100% diesel and 0.19 kg/kW hr for blend B20 at brake power of 5.54 kW.
Figure 13 clearly shows that the 2-injection pattern could be used to obtain a pollutant emissions reduction, especially in particulate matter, in case an increase in noise levels was acceptable (
BSFC remains almost constant with respect to reference condition).
The Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (
BSFC) maps were generated and the load limits for each of the combustion modes were determined.
In this study, we used formulae of Bu Shen Fang Chuan (
BSFC) and Bu Shen Yi Qi (BSYQ) as add-on treatments to prevent asthma exacerbation.
For the rule-based control category, "if-else-then" strategies were designed by investigating the performance maps of key components (engine
BSFC map and motor efficiency map) [8].
