- twelve countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Uzbekistan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Ukraine.
This observation explains the different pace and levels observed in this area in countries undergoing economic transition, which are much further advanced if they are on the path to EU accession than EECCA countries.