The binding of LPS to CD14/LPS-binding protein and
Toll-like receptor-4 triggers multiple signal cascades that activate nuclear factor-[kappa]B and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and lead to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-[alpha] (Triantafilou and Triantafilou 2002).
The toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4; OMIM*603030), a member of a large family of transmembrane proteins, is predominantly expressed on monocytes and macrophages (1).
Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor-4. Immunology 2004;113:153-62.
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