Similarly, the last two terms indicate zero point energy, and the first two terms are zero when they are taken
vacuum expectation value. However, the first two terms are the parts in (26) where the fluctuations emerge
In composite models an [a.sub.LR]-interaction must contain the factor [nu]/[LAMBDA] relative to the SU(2)[.sub.L] X U(1) invariant interactions, where v is the
vacuum expectation value of the SM Higgs boson and [LAMBDA] is the compositness scale.
This means that in the early universe at the electroweak scale (in the symmetric phase) the effective vacuum expectation value (1) probably was smaller than in the present broken phase,
Under the conformal rescaling (15), other parameters of the Standard Model are unchanged (including gauge boson masses), and in the perturbative analysis on the static background the modification of the vacuum expectation value (18) leads to the alteration of the parameter (2),
We estimate the monopole mass M ~ (4[pi]v/g)[square root of (N + 1)], where v is the
vacuum expectation value of the scalar field, and g is the coupling constant of the gauge field.